Oral Questions – CoC Class 1 & 2 – MPA Singapore- 29.12.2023 – 03.07.2025

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12/29/2023

Class 1

Class 1 oral 2nd attempt (Liton)

Time 10 am singapore time

Examiner- David

Squat effect in detail

Ism certification process, CE ism duty , latest ism amendments

Boiler safety valve draw

Boiler survey in detail

Battery room regulation

Discuss about your sea carrier. incident happened on onboard discuss

1/03/2024

Class 2

  Rakesh Shanmugam

Class 2 orals

1 st attempt – Pass

Examiner Mr Rui and Mr David

1. International shore connection

2. Regulations regarding Fire control plan

3. ISPS

4. Citadel and security drills including SSAS

5. Steering regulations

6. Steering common faults

7. Maintenance of steering gear( expecting critical spare availability on-board)

8. How will u ensure your steering gear is health.

9.Main switchboard safeties

10. Preferential trip sketch and explain

11. Drydock preparation

12. Cleaning FO Tanks in Drydock.

13: Marpol violation

Class 1

Class 1 (First attempt)

Location : NEW PANEL ROOM AT MPA OFFICE ,mTower, level 21

Surveyor: MR DAVID & MR RUI

Candidate: 3

Verdict : All 3 passed

Questions by mr David:

1. Sketch Boiler safety valve manhole door, both view (top and side)

2. Your boiler manhole door badly corroded, what is your action?

3. As a chief engineer please explain dead ship recovery system

4. Please describe the requirement (regulations) for In water survey, as a chief engineer how will you plan ?

Questions by Mr Rui

1. Draw viscotherm control arrangement

2. Your fuel oil viscosity going low what is your action- troubleshooting – action for further occurrences

3. Tell me about CARBON INTENSITY (he repeated not CII , tell me about carbon intensity) & as a chief engineer how can you execute for lower carbon intensity ?

(Eventually we ended up discussing complete annex vi chapter iv)

Class 2 orals

1 st attempt – Pass

Examiner Mr Rui and Mr David

1. International shore connection

2. Regulations regarding Fire control plan

3. ISPS

4. Citadel and security drills including SSAS

5. Steering regulations

6. Steering common faults

7. Maintenance of steering gear( expecting critical spare availability on-board)

8. How will u ensure your steering gear is health.

9.Main switchboard safeties

10. Preferential trip sketch and explain

11. Drydock preparation

12. Cleaning FO Tanks in Drydock.

1/10/2024

Class 1

Date: 10.01.2024

Surveyor: Mr. Davod & Rui

Questions :

1. Sketch LO tube type cooler with materials

2. Sketch Different types boiler burners & what will happen if maintenance is not done properly

3. S/G block diagram & regulations

4. ME LO emulsification, cause & actions to be taken.

Class 2

10/1/2024

Exr: david and rui.

David

1.Steering gear regulation.

2.block diagram and explain.

3.viscothem and explain.

4.visconthem not maintaining viscosity, causes.

5.inclining test full detail

Rui

6.old pistion overhaul.

7. How to train up newly promoted 3/E for G/E overhaul.

1/12/2024

Class 1

Class 1second attempt

Online Singapore time 1030

1. Draw and explain forward construction of ship

2.squat effect

3.tie rod bolt broken, identify and procedure for removal and replacement

4. Reverse power trip diagram and explain

5.ism and lastest amendments

1/17/2024

Class 1

Class 1 Group Oral

MR David & Mr Rui

1.Inclining Test

2.Squat Effect

3.Viscotherm

4.SG block Diagram,Regulations,Healthy steering System

5.EG,how to test black out scenario.

6.LO emulsification

Time:1215-1350

Verdict: 2 out of 3 candidates Passed.

Class 2

Examinar, David and rui

1.stern tube seal arrangement explain.

2.dry Dock seal replacement.

3.preparential trip.how you maintain the ship without this safety device.

4.floor construction, and differences.

5.Annex 1.

6.Annex 2

7.Annex 5.

8.Marpol violation.

,,,one assignment..topic one

,,, one fail.

,,other one assignment 3.

1/19/2024

Class 1

Mr. David sir

Time:0200pm

Passed Alhamdullilah

1.Draw and explain ship floor construction .

2.Draw centrifugal pump with mechanical seal.Explain sealing arrangement

3.Draw air starting valve explain working principle.

4.Effect of starting air valve leaking.

5.Starting air line explosion reason.

6.Air bottle solas regulations

7.Draw high lift safety vv explain ,what surveyor checks on safety vv.

8.Draw Viscosity controller and explain effects of low or high viscosity

9. Squat effect cause and corrective action.

1/24/2024

Class 2

Mr. Rui and Mr.David

location: MPA

Class

1. Old Piston overhaul and sketch

2. Tube L.O cooler Sketch and checks and troubleshooting of defects

3. AVR sketch and explanation and faults can be faced in AVR, action and follow up action

4. Single Phasing

Sketch, action, troubleshooting, Follow up action and how will u improve ur system as per SMS.

5. ANNEX 6

6. Settling tank cleaning in DD

Class 2

1 uws

2air bottle regulation

3.ums regulation

4isps

5 drawing liner and explain over hauling procedure and report to office, corrective and preventive measure

6T/C drawing , cause of surging , and action

Preferential trip drawing and explain

1/26/2024

Class 1

Class 1

2nd attempt

1  sea experience

2 ism chief engineer duty

3 steering gear block diagram

4 tubular cooler diagram

Class 1

2nd attempt

1  Isps

2 ism

3 steering gear block diagram

4 tubular cooler diagram

Viscothum  sketch & working principle

Emulsification

1/31/2024

Class 01 oral exam

Time:11:30 to 14:00

1. Sketch boiler safety valve and explain

2. ⁠CII

3. ⁠cold ironing

4. ⁠Marpol annex 6

5. ⁠MLC

6. ⁠Explain sea service and tell incindents onboard

7. ⁠steering gear regulation

8. ⁠how to keep steering gear healthy

2/07/2024

Class 2 Second attempt

8.30am to 10.30am

David

1.UMS REGULATIONS ELABORATE ANSWER. apart from solas requirement, u need to mention about all alarms boiler, me, ge, talk about autostart of emergency

2. FLOOR IN SHIP CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLAINATION WITH DRAWING

3.FIREMANS OUTFIT WITH ALL SPECS.

4.BOILER DP CELL,WATER CONTROL AND FAULTS .

REASON  FOR DP CELL NOT INDICATING EVEN IF NO WATER INDICATION IN GUAGE GLASS

5.MARPOL VIOLATIONS AND FINES

6.HOW WILL U TRAIN UR FIRST TIME THIRD ENGINEER FOR GENERATOR OVERHAUL.

6.ISM CERTIFICATION EXPLAIN IN DETAILS

2/14/2024

Class 2 group oral

Time : 0900 hours

1.  Mlc

2. battery room ,

3. co2 system maintanance

4. annex 6

5. ows drawing ,

6. boiler valve ,

7. annex 1 mepc 107 49

Class 2 group oral

Time : 14 00

1. Draw STP & certification annex 4 regulation

2. ISM certification in detail

3. MLC certification in detail

4. UMS regulation in detail

5. Crankshaft DEFLECTION explain full in detail

2/15/2024

Class 1

Class 1 online oral

Time : 1000

1. As a chief engineer what you check in fire inventory

2. ⁠sketch fwd construction and explain in details

3. ⁠Sketch manoeuvre diagram ahead and astrean moment explain in details

4. ⁠ISM latest edition and ISM documentation

5. ⁠annex 6 (SEEMP,EEDI,EEOI,CII)

   6.MLC

2/16/2024

Class 1

Examiner Rui

Time 9:30

Result fail

1.Annex vi brief

2.Annex 1…crossing question regarding standard discharge connection for annex 1 and 4

3.liner digrame

4.oily water separator digram and sample point digrame

5.piston diagram.

6.During crankcase inspection u will find white metal in crankcase.as chief engineer how will u proceed.

7.MEPC 107(49)..

2/21/2024

Class 2

Group oral

Surveyor – David and Ruu

Location – MPA tower

Time – 0900 to 1010 hours

Questions of David –

1. Earth fault drawing and how you will detect one on board.

2. Maritime security requirements on board your vessel.

Questions from rui –

1. How you will carry out crankcase inspection and how you will train your junior to take crankshaft deflection.

2. Which regulation and maintenance for c02 bottles.

3. Congratulations rod bolt failure and what corrective or preventive measures you will take.

Class 2

Group oral -Class 2

Surveyor – David and Rui

Location: M tower

Time: 1030 to 1200 hrs

1. Earth faults elaborate with diagram.

2. Maritime security explain.

3. Crankshaft deflection –2  stroke engine.

4. Conrod failure, consequence and corrective measure- elaborate for 4 stroke engine.

5. Risk assessment        explain with matrix.

6.ISM certification

Class 2

Group oral

Surveyor – David and Ruu

Location – MPA tower

Time – 0900 to 1010 hours

Questions of David –

1. Earth fault drawing and how you will detect one on board.

2. Maritime security requirements on board your vessel.

Questions from rui –

1. How you will carry out crankcase inspection and how you will train your junior to take crankshaft deflection.

2. Which regulation and maintenance for c02 bottles.

3. Con rod bolt failure and what corrective or preventive measures you will take.

2/28/2024

Class 1

David

Earth lamp diagram + cross questions

Sewage treatment plant diagram+ explanation

Zakir:

Load line convention

Statutory certificate + class certificates explain.

Annex 6 latest amendment.

3/02/2024

Class 2

Group oral -Class 2

Surveyor – David and Rui

Location: M tower

Time: 09:30 to 11:00

1.Earth lamp diagram + cross questions

2.Sewage treatment plant diagram+ explanan

3.steering gear block diagram+Emergency steering +cross questions

4. Conrod failure, consequence and corrective measure- elaborate for 4 stroke engine.

3/06/2024

Class 1 oral

Mng: 0930-  1100

Battery room regulations, PLS ans non sparking fan blades.

ISM DOCUMENTATION , DUTIES, LATEST AMENDMENT full details

Marpol violations and fines

Marpol pollution action and reporting procedures

TIE ROD SKETCH , TIE ROD SLACK AND BROKEN , CAUSES, FUNCTION OF TIE ROD, PROCRDURE TO REMOVE BROKEN ROD, RUNNING ENGINE WITH BROKEN ROD PROBLEMS,prevention action.

 REPORTING IN PMS

CIC FOR FIRE AND SAFETY

Class 1. 6th march, 1400 Hrs

Examiner: Mr David & Rui

(1) Squat effect, cause, remedy, action

(2) Earth lamp drawing, how to find fault, details with lots of cross questions.

(3) ISM certification, latest ammendments, lots of cross questions.

(4) IACS and classification society recognised by MPA.

(5) Draw TEV and describe working principle

(6) X – head bearing failure indication, cause, action to be taken.

3/08/2024

Class 1 ORAL

Surveyor – David and Rui

Location: ISC (For Assignment)

Time: 1400 to 1500

08/03/24

Note: On my first attempt (06.03.2024), my answers was not sufficient for Class 1 Standards.

So, they gave me ASSIGNMENT on 8th.

QUESTIONS ASKED:

1. Battery room regulations,

PLEASE MENTION non sparking fan blades instead of non-metallic ONLY. Battery room light location.

2. ELABORATE ISM DOCUMENTATION, CERTIFICATION , DUTIES, LATEST AMENDMENT in details

3. MARPOL VIOLATIONS, FINE & PENALTIES,

Marpol pollution action and reporting procedures with Case studies, Reporting channel TO SINGAPORE MPA

4. TIE ROD SKETCH , TIE ROD SLACK AND BROKEN , CAUSES, FUNCTION OF TIE ROD, PROCRDURE TO REMOVE BROKEN ROD, RUNNING ENGINE WITH BROKEN ROD PROBLEMS,prevention action.

REPORTING IN PMS

5. CIC, themes of CIC, PERIOD, LAST 2 YEARS CIC WITH DETAILS OF TOPIC, MoU’s & their REGION & Members, What going to happen in 2024 in CIC with focused topics.

3/11/2024

Class 1

Class 1 2nd attempt online

Mr.David

Questions:

Load line convention

Earth lamp + insulation meter.

Sewage plant( annex 4 requirement)

Marpol annex 1 violation

Cic fire safety

3/13/2024

Class 1 group oral.

Date- 13/3/2023

Time- 8.30 to 10.15

Examiner- David & Rui

Questions-

1. Earth fall drawing, fault detection procedure.

2. STP Drawing, Discharge reg of untreated sewage from holding tank.

3. Crosshead bearing failure- indications, causes & action.

4. Ism certification.

Class 1. 13th march, 1400 Hrs

Examiner: Mr David & Rui

(1) Emergency circuit diagram draw with all safties,working principle,possible causes not come on load,how to convince psc.

(2) Sterntube seal change on drydock,how to check shaft alignment.

Above 2 question was asked by Mr rui..then he left..

After that a long disscussion carried out by Mr david which include the topics

1.Erm

2.marpol violation

3.incident onboard

4.Mlc

5.sea carrier

Class 1 group oral.

Date- 13/3/2023

Time- 1400 to 1600

Attempt 1 st

Examiner- David & Rui

Questions-

1. Emergency generator auto circuit diagram and explain.

2. Stern tube changing procedure with all safeties and after changing what all to check.

3. ⁠In front of psc if emergency generator doesnt start how to satisefies him and wha

3/15/2024

Class 1

Surveyor : David Sir

Face to face

Date : 15.03.2024

Time : 1000 hrs to 1200 hrs

Ques :

1. Tie Bolt

2. Battery room Regulation

3. EX-e

4. Ism, certification, CE ism duty, ism Compliances

5. CIC (2022, 2023, 2024)

6. Mou (paris,  tokyo)

7. IACS

8. Marpol Violation, reporting channel, onboard Marpol Awareness

9. Boiler Safety Valve

10. Earth Fault.

3/19/2024

Class 1 , Rui, 10.30-11.30,Pass

1)annex 6 CII,seemps,eexi,eedi

2)S/T seal dd renewal-Preparation as C/E ( not the notes of usual small things)

3)detection of xhd brng failure in a running engine as a c/e

I work in the maritime digital industry ashore….so lot of discussion on EU ETS,new methods to reduce CIi, Fuel EU maritime, MEPC 81, Fuel optimisation, MLC harrasment, weather optimisation etc.,

3/20/2024

Class 1

Lube oil emulsification…cause ..root cause ..preventive action.. reporting to office..

Sewage treatment plant drawing…regulations…sewage holding tank capacity..(class approval discharge rate..)

Steering gear block diagram…

5 years class certification and survey…

Garbage management plan..

All marpol violations and fines

20.03.2024

Class 1

Class 1

Time 0200

David & rui

1.  Ford. Construction & floor

2. Viscosity controller

3. Ism details

4. Isps

5. Annex v

6. Reverse power trip

7. Tie bolt

Rui

1.sturn tube seal replacement  at dry dock

2. Black smoke during Leaving singapore port

Class 1

1400 hours

Surveyors Mr. David and Mr. Rui

They notice ur dress and hairs and beard. They pointed this thing to my friend.

1. Collision bulkhead diagram

2. Floor arrangement diagram n explain

3. Tie rod diagram and explain in detail

4. Reverse power trip  explain n draw

5. Inclination test. In detail. Requirements and procedure.

6. Annex 4 and Annex 5

7. Black smoke 🚬. Looking for governor in the answer in control part.

8. Lube oil properties.

9. Stern tube seal renewal in dry dock. As ce what will u do.

3/27/2024

CoC class-1

Examiners Mr David and Mr Rui

Manouvering(not diagram)

Stern tube

Psc emgcry gen

Cic

-Water oil in starting air system of main engine consequences and what to do to prevent it

-Emgcy gen starting diagram

*Emgcy gen Starting circuit was asked only to one guy

* Due to current accident of baltimore

* Mr,David ws quite emphasising on manouvering and reasons how can it b effected,, PMS to follow and what all you will do to avoid it all

* Stern tube renewal preparation for dry dock rui wants to hear Dry dock specs specifically in preparation

* Water oil carrying over to manouvering system is all related to first quesn only

– Psc quesn of emergency gen as usual one but only this is you shd make your own scinerio if ship in port at anchor, gen starts or not, if not start trouble shooting, still doesn’t start and u don’t have spares then speak of reporting to company and request for dispensation where class will give you CoC to get pass the detention if emergency generator doesn’t start

– Rui says showing records is not enough ship will surely detain

4/08/2024

Class 1

Exam: class1

Online oral

Result: pass

Following topics with , drawing,  explanation , relevant cross questions and regulations

emcy generator circuit diagram

Boiler safety VV , setting procedure

Boiler survey

ME Piston

ME Unit ohauling

STP , maintenance

Annex 4

4/17/2024

Class 1

17 April 2024

Class 1

Face to face

0830 to 1010

Davit and Rui.

4 candidates.

1. ME slowdown safety devices.

2. Crank case relief valve sketch and elaborate operation and materials.

3. OMD sketch, operation, test and maintenance.

4. Crank case explosion causes & action.

5. High voltage system sketch

6. Emergency generator starting circuit drawing+ explain and Emergency generator solas regulation, what action if no load infront of PSC.

7. ISM certification and latest amendments.

8. Risk assessment matrix

9. As a CE how you will guide 3E to major overhaul of AE

Class 2

1.What will happen if you dont do maintenance of air staring valve

2. Draw staring air valve

3. Too much cross ques and discussion on starting air valve and explotion

4. LO emulsification

5. Annex 4 and draw STP

6. Annex 5

7. TEV draw and air condition regulation

8. ISPS and security requirement in ship

4/24/2024

Class 1

0830 to 0945

Davit and Rui.

4 candidates.

1. Preparation for PSC inspection

2. Crosshead bearing failure indication  reason n actions

3. DD seal renewal

4. DD specification

Class 1 oral 08:30, 24.04.2024

PSC/FSC inspection

Emergency Steering Regulations

Cross-head bearing failure indications,causes,actions, prevention. (Mr Rui wanted to hear about ISM procedure on reporting)

Lots of discussions on these……

4/26/2024

Class 1

Online 3rd attempt.  

0730 to 0830 IST

Davit. Pass.

1. MLC 2006

2. Additional safety Measures for bulk carrier

3. Strboscopic effect

4. Crankcase explosion and draw CC door relief valve.

4/30/2024

Class 1

1000-1200 hrs David

1. Crankcase relief valve drawing and explanation.

2. OMD drawing and explanation

3. ME alarm and safety device

4. Reverse power trip and working principle

5. Ism certification and ism latest amendment.

6. Crankcase explosion causes and prevention.

7. Scavenge fire prevention and action.

By the grace of Almighty allah passed.

5/08/2024

Class 1

1)seemp+cII

2)EG dia +explain

3)ISPS

4)DRY DOCK -complete

5)sterntube seal change -preparatiin

6)Psc inspection

7)statuatory

8)how u maintain yr ship maneuverability as a ce .

9)high voltage drawing and explain with control.

Class 1

8 May 2024

CoC 1 First attempt

0830H – 1030H

1)seemp+cII

2)EG dia +explain

3)ISPS

4)DRY DOCK -complete

5)sterntube seal change -preparatiin

6)Psc inspection

7)statuatory

8)how u maintain yr ship maneuverability as a ce .

9)high voltage drawing and explain with control.

10) Emergency fire pump regulation and what do PSC checks.

For assignment

1) HVI drawing with automatic controls

2) As a C/E, how do you prepare PSC. in flow chart/mind map/ words

3) As a C/E how you comply with ISM and improvement

Class 2

Alhamdulillah Passed.

1. Annex -5 details. Garbage management plan and record book details. So many cross questions.

2. ISPS in details

3. CO2 flooding system drawing, Regulations, Co2 room maintenance, Training junior about Co2 system.

4. S/T sealing drawing and Seal renewal in drydock.

5. Emergency generator regulations

6. Which type of garbage can / can’t burn.

7. MLC in details

8. PSC inspection. Black out procedure.

9. Cll and Seemp details.

10. Cross head bearing failure during ME running conditions. As a CE what is your action, how you will identify, failure causes .

1 group. 4 candidate’s.

2 pass , 1 assignment, 1 next time

after 30 minutes thay separated two groups  2 with rui. Other two David.

5/15/2024

Class 1 group Oral

Surveyor: Mr. David and Mr Rui

Questions:

1. Ballast water management system in details.

2. Annex – IV, sewage treatment plant drawing maintenance, checks, consequences of blower failure.

3. Emcy generator auto starting diagram, starting sequence, psc inspection – fail to start and recovery procedure.

4. As a C/E, instructions to 3E regarding generator major overhaul.

5. As a C/E, Dry dock preparation in details.

Class 1 group oral

Surveyors: David & Rui

Time: 14:00-15:30 hrs

1. In Water survey

2. Reverse power trip

3. Switchboard safety device

4. Crosshead bearing failure details

5. CO2 maintenance

5/16/2024

Class 1 oral

1000-1200 hrs

Online

2nd attempt

Surveyor : Mr David sir

1. Online oral terms and conditions

2. Crosshead bearing survey

3. Annexe 5

4. Reverse power trip and drowning

5/21/2024

Class 2

Class 2 oral

1330-1530 hrs

Surveyor : Mr David sir  & Rui sir

1st attempt

1. Tie rod sketch and tightening,  failure reason in detail.

2. Isps in detail

3. Flame proof light drawing and detail discussion

4. Maritime convention

5. Ship marking regulations

6. Ship grounding in detail

Class 2

Class 2 Oral

10:30-12:30

Surveyor: Mr David & Rui

1st Attempt group oral

1. Reverse power trip drawing and explanation.

2. Main switch board protection devices,

3. Sewage treatment plant drawing

4. Sewage shore connection and size,

5. Your ship is going to Dry Dock, how to prepare for HFO settling tank cleaning

6. Boiler High lift safety valve drawing

7. How many IMO conventions are there,

8. During departure Singapore, your junior engineer report one of the main engine unit exhaust temperature high, what is your action,

9. Risk assessment matrix.

Class 1 Oral

21.05.2024

1530pm-1730pm

1.Statutory certificate 5 yearly renewal.

2.Air bottle regulation.

3.ISPS

4.Annex 5

5.Incinerating Onboard

6.Onboard Equipment Certificates

7.Crosshead bearing failure, Cause, Action.

8.Dry Dock

9.As C/E what job to be present physically at DD

5/23/2024

Class 2

Co2 sketch

Detail explains

How to train Junior while Inspection

How to operate co2 if fire in Engine room

Isps in detail

Battery room Regulation

Checks maintenance

Hydrolic door and Regulation

Type of door

Different between  weather tight door and hydrolic door

Crankcase Inspection

Wt if u find any debris??

How to close report  as 2nd Engineer

Class 2 oral

1330-1515hrs

Face to Face

1st attempt

Surveyor : Mr David & Mr Rui

1. Crankcase relief valve(drawing with so many cross questions including material,Why this material used,how flam trap works etc)

2. Flame proof light drawing & cross ques.

3. Battery room regulations(cross)

4. NDT test,procedures,types,dry dock how they carried out

5. Con rod bolt(failure,cause,preventive measures)

6. How to train 3E for AE decarb including documentations

7. Grounding

5/29/2024

Class 2

MEO- 2 oral

1400-1530 hrs

29.05.24

Surveyor : Mr David & Mr TEO

1st attempt, SMA

IG details with reg.

Liner calibration elaborately ( cause, precaution, procedure, post action)

Preferential trip sketch, principle, how to avoid.

FO settling tk cleaning bf DD ( planning, procedure, report, inspection, survey)

ME single unit exhaust temp high ( cause, action, remedy, conclusion)

Class 2

MEO Class – II Oral

Date – 29.05.2024                          Group – 3                                            Result – 2 Pass + 1 Assignment

Examiner – Mr. Rui & Mr. Teo

Initial introduction of our group all sailing on tankers

                1.            What are the regulations related to inert gas system onboard. What are the regulations related to IG system.

                2.            ME liner calibration, Why needed, When needed, How to take, troubleshooting, finding the root cause, corrective action, preventive action. ISM must include.

                3.            How to do HFO settling tank cleaning in dry dock, why, then he said what are the preparations prior going to dry dock. He wanted defect list & dry dock job list stage level starting.

                4.            Drawing – Preferential trip, cross questions, dashpot working, then SOLAS regulations of PMS(Power management system)

                5.            Then pass to Mr. Teo – Duty engineer calls you 3 AM vessel at sea that ME one unit exhaust temperature deviation is more than 50 degree what are your actions. Plenty cross questions by Mr. Teo as well as Rui. ISM procedures, causes, actions, how to troubleshoot etc etc.

6/05/2024

Class 1

05.06.2024

Examiner: Rui

Class 1

Result: 1 pass, 1 assignment.

Draw explain Air con system and regulations.

LO emulsification. As a CE explain causes and action.

As CE handle PSC for black out scenario.

Vessel in high traffic area and black out happen. Action as CE.

Stern tube seal renewal in DD.

Class 2

Today class 2 orals@2 pm  Mr. Rui and Foo Nan

1.crankshaft deflection all details starting from procedure to reporting and if clearance is exceed limit how u will renew

2. MLC and certification procedures

3. ⁠OWS MEPC 107(49) including shore discharge dimensions

4. ⁠CII and EXII details

5. ⁠ISPS certification and all details including procedures to get certificate and how you will get certificate

6. ⁠Risk assessment matrix

7. ⁠Exhaust valve material

6/07/2024

Class 2

Individual Oral (2nd attempt)

Time: 0930~1040

Result: Alhamdulillah Passed

Examiner: Mr. Rui

1. St. Gear block diagram+explanation

2. St. Gear Solas regulations

   3. Vsl in manouvering has       

     Blackout,recoveryprocedure,     contingency plan

4. MLC certification,objective parts

5. M/E Cyl. liner calibration procedure in details

6. Marpol Annex 6 chapter 4 all regulations.. later asked on IMO GHS strategy..CII details

7. Newly promoted 3E A/E major o/h guidance procedure in details as 2E.

Class 1

Assalamu alaikum

By the grace of almighty today i have cleared my coc 1.

I had assignment on the following topic:

1.Accommodation Ac sketch and explain, major components, regulatory requirements

2.Psc onboard, asked you to carry black out test but emergency power didn’t come on load with in 45s, action as CE and causes

3.Vessel at sea and blackout happens what is your action as CE

Class 2

Individual Oral (2nd attempt)

Time: 11:30-13:00

Result: Assignment

Examiner: Mr. Rui

Class : 2

1. St. Gear block diagram+explanation.

2. St. Gear Solas regulations.

   3. Vsl in manouvering has       

     Blackout,recoveryprocedure,     contingency plan.

4. MLC certification,objective parts.

5. M/E Cyl. liner calibration procedure in details.

6. Marpol Annex 6 chapter 4 all regulations.

7. Starting air line explosion cause, remedy, record keeping all details.

8. Air conditioning unit everything including marpol, solas & MLC regulation.

6/12/2024            

Class 1

Class: 1

Group Oral at SMA

Examiner: Rui

12.06.2024/10:00

1. Crosshead Bearing Failure – Indication, cause, action

2. Blackout test with PSC

3. Blackout at heavy traffic area – Action as CE

4. CIC

5. ESP – how to Prepare for annual Survey.

6. Boiler water level -DP Cell drawing.

7. Emcy gen Auto starting Ckt Diagram

8. Duty As CE

Class: 1

Group Oral at SMA

Examiner: Rui & Fu nan chu

12.06.2024/14:00hrs

Result: 1 Assignment 2 fail

1. A/E pump roller broken, reason, corrective  action.

2. FO properties with limit.

3. ESP

4. Condition of assignment, Load line survey.

5. FWD construction OF ship

6. Dry dock.

7. Heavy traffic area blackout.  Action as C/E.

6/15/2024

Group oral -Class 2

Surveyor – Rui sir

Location: SMA

Time: 14:00 to 1600

19/06/24

Explain CIC

Ism with certification

Annex 6 full certification

Crankcase inspection

How u Assist chief engg in manouverbility

Risk assessment matrix

ME one unit Exhaust temp high during traffic channel

6/19/2024

Class 1

Class: 1

Group Oral at SMA

Examiner: Rui

19.06.2024/10:00hrs

Result: 1 Assignment 2 fail

1. How to maintain vessel maneuverability?

2. Draw Air conditioning plan and regulations?

3. EG auto circuit?  Psc black demonstrations?

4. Types of lubrication?

5. DP cell and working principle

6. Types of lubrication

7. Ism details with certifications

8. Risk assessment matrix

Group oral -Class 2

Surveyor – Rui sir

Location: SMA

Time: 14:00 to 1600

19/06/24

Explain CIC

Ism with certification

Annex 6 full certification

Crankcase inspection

How u Assist chief engg in manouverbility

Risk assessment matrix

ME one unit Exhaust temp high during traffic channel

6/26/2024

Class 2

Group oral – class 2

Surveyor – Rui sir and Devid sir

Location- SMA

Time – 0930 to 1100am

-C/C relief door drawing and explanation

-2 stroke engine lub oil properties

-flame trap

-sms in detail

-reverse power trip

-how will u assist c/e in manoevribility 

-black in heavy traffic action as a 2/E

-ISM

Lub oil properties for 2 stroke engine

Class 2

Group 2 orals, rui sir and David sir, Sma

Time 11:30 to 13:00 hrs.

-Regarding the fire fighting equipment how you can do to avoid fire in engine Room as 2 engg. Elabrate

– main engine safeties and omd diagram and function.

– cold ironing

– Emergency fire pump regulations. Not building pressues and action.

– annex 4 explain

– mepc 107 -49

– cii and all certificate.

– fire line diagram with elabrate together with addition bilge and fire pump.

– marpol all regulations.

– sms in details.

-2 guys passed.

7/03/2024

Class 2

Alhamdhulillah passed

Coc -2, Time : 0830 hrs

2nd attempt, 1 person

Surveyor: Mr David 

1.Main engine safety devices, Trips and alarms.

2.Fwd construction drawings and why this is kept so strong

3.Co2 system and description

4.Reverse power relay draw and describe its operations

5.ISM details

6.CO2 maintenance

Class 2

Coc -2, Time : 0130 hrs

2nd attempt, 1 person

Surveyor: Mr David 

1.Draw Earth lamp and explain.

2.Fwd construction drawings and why this is kept so strong

3.Reverse power relay draw and describe its operations

4.Draw Boiler safety and explain.

5.How you Assist chief engineer during maneuverability.

7/04/2024

Class -2 face to face

Surveyor -mr  David and Rui

1.lub oil types

2.reverse power trip

3.boiler safety valve

4.risk matrix

5.how u train 3/E Ae overhaul

7/08/2024

Class 1

Class 1 , online

2nd attempt,

Surveyor david:

1.ONLINE TERMS AND CONDITIONS.

2.VERY DETIALED ELABORATE DETAILS AND ROOT CAUSE INCLUDE FUEL OIL PROPERTIES ANALYSIS AND PREVENTIVE ACTIONS

DURING MANOUEVRING AT RESTRICTED CHANNEL OF DAALI INCIDENT. (I am from synergy company).

3.CIC 2024

4.BOILER DP CELL LEVEL CONTROLLER SKETCH.

repeated qsns from last attempt except daali root cause report.

Class-1, Online

2nd attempt

Surveyor: Mr. David Tham

Time: 1200~1305

Result: Pass

1. Terms & condition of online examination.

2. Draw position 1 & position 2 as per load line.

3. Condition of assignment of freeboard.

4. Black out in high traffic area, action as chief engineer.

5. Explain Drydocking preparation, procedure in detail as C/E.

6. Five yearly Statutory survey and certificates.

7. Draw and explain reverse power relay.

07/31/2024

Class 1 (Shahidul sir)

Lo emulsification… action as ce

– Ism code

– steering gear redundancy how to ensure

– eexi, cii, nox – annex 6 ch 4

– emcy gen not getting connected in main supply failure

08/21/2024

Class -1 Oral (Kamrul sir)

Examiner: David & Rui

Candidates-3

Time: 0930AM

Result: Alhamdulillah All passed

Questions:

1. Draw High Lift Boiler safety valve

2. Safety valve survey & SOLAS requirement

3. ISM

4. CIC 2024

5. LO Emulsification

6. Annex 6 Chapter 4

7. Blackout in heavy traffic area, duties as a CE

04.09.2024

Class 1

04.09.2024 Class-1

David and rui

Attempt -1

Result-passed with assignment

Total appeared- 3 guys (2-pass with assignment, 1-fail)

1) x head bearing failure. Identify, causes n action as CE

2) Reverse power sketch & explain.

3) MLC certification issuing procedure.

4)steering failure, cause and action.

5) cic . What is next cic for this year

6)what is criminal penalty if ships make accident or pollution

7)main switch board safety.

8) stern tube drawing all seals and explanation

11.09.2024

Class 1

Time: 11:00

Total: 4person

Verdict: 3 pass & 1 assignment

Examiner: david & rui

Questions:

1. High voltage instruments (mandatory to carry onboard in high voltage ship).

2.reverse power relay.  (drawing, explanation and if happened reverse power trip on-board as a chief  engineer what is your action).

3. details about cii, eedi, eeoi, eexi. (the whole energy efficiency and carbon emissions reduce Process).

4.ism certification in details.

5.Mlc certification.

Class 1

Time: 2pm

Verdict:  2 pass

Question:

1. Inclining experiment

2. Sewage treatment plant draw and explain with regulation

3. SW splashing on motor

4. Dry dock preparation

And mny mny cross questioning.

18.09.2024

Class 1 oral

18th September 2024

Group Oral

3 candidate

Examiners: David & Rui

Questions:

1. Viscosity controller & related cross question

2. Cofferdam entry (Enclosed space entry Details)

3. Black out demonstration in front of PSC

Em DG not starting. Causes & Course of action.

4. Stern tube seal renewal in DD details.

1 passed, 1 assignment, 1 fail.

25.09.2024

Class 1 oral online

25th September 2024

Examiners: David

Questions:

1. Viscosity controller & related cross question

2. Cofferdam entry (Enclosed space entry Details)

3. Black out demonstration in front of PSC

Em DG not starting. Causes & Course of action.

4. Stern tube seal renewal in DD details.

Pass

Class 1 orals online

25th September.       

Examiner: David

Lifeboat SOLAS regulations

AVR and Reverse power sketch.

ISPS code

02.10.2024

Class 1 orals

Date: 2nd October 2024

Time: 2pm

Questions asked:

1) what are the statutory certificates to carry on ship, how is it being issued and explain in detail.

2) emergency blackout procedure in front of psc, causes and action

4 candidates, All passed!!

Class 1:

Class 1 orals
Date: 2nd October 2024
Time: 0330pm
Rui took orals, I was alone at that time.
David was taking orals to class 2 guy.
Questions asked:
1) Solas regulations of IG system
2) IG system drawing and explanation
3) Emcy Gen Auto Circuit drawing
4) Difference btw Tie Breaker and Circuit breaker
5) Actions as a CE if EDG not starting automatically during PSC inspection
6) Difference between Statutory certificates and Mandatory Certificates

Assignments:
1. Statutory and Mandatory Certificates
2. Difference btwn Tie breaker and Circuit breaker
Submitted on 03rd, 0930am.
Along with the assignment explanation,
1. Stern tube seal renewal at dry dock.
2. Wat are the clearances taken
3. ISM code
Finally: Passed 👍.
Thank you everyone 🙏

 

16.10.2024

Class-1 Oral

Date: 16/10/2024

Time: 09:30

01) viscotherm drawing+ cross question+ potential failure+ malfunction root cause: action as a c/e

02) viscotherm & other- control valve cross question+

03) fo heater cross question

04) st sealing drawing+ function of seal+ lots cross question

05) st allignment checking procedure+ cross question

06) ac regulation for SOLAS & mlc

07) ac drawing

08) annex 4 details + annex-4 certification+ related lots cross question

Class-1 Oral

Date: 16/10/2024

Time: 02 PM

Single face to face

Alhamdulillah Pass

01) What’s the things you have study explain elaborately.

02) Draw and explain accommodation ac plant and explain the regulatory requirements.

03) ISM certification

04) 5 yearly statutory certificates with supplementary.

05) sketch & explanation stern tube sealing arrangement.

06) How to keep your ship maneuverable?

07) Blackout in heavy traffic area action as CE.

23.10.2024

Class-1 Oral

Date:  23.10.2024 (0930 am)

4 candidate- 3 pass 1 assignment

1. Inclining experiment in detail. Focusing on preparation before carrying out experiment.

2. STP diagram. Focusing on all necessary installation checked by psc. To confirm STP optimum performance

3. How to check healthy steering, causes of steering gear erratic functioning

4. Steering gear regulations

5. How to train 3rd engg for AE overhaul. Concentrating SMS(ISM), planning for overhaul, assessment of 3rd engg to overhaul AE. Monitoring safety, and documentation.

6. Emergency steering gear trying out frequency. And why 1ce in 3 months.

 

 

26.02.2025

Class-1 Oral

Date 26/02/2025

Time:09:30

Examiner : David and Rui

Class 1 orals

1 st Attempt Face to face

1) How you will prepare you ship for PSC inspection? In detail

2) As a CE how you assess manoeuvrability of your ship.

3) Risk assessment in detail.

 Result -pass

 

28.03.2025

Class-1 oral

Date 28/03/2025 at 1000hrs.

CLASS 1

Surveyor: Mr. Zahir

Online second attempt.

1. How to take Main engine performance in details with parameters checked.Draw various performance curves and explain how to read the curve. Calculation of power and SFOC.Factors affecting SFOC.How does air temperature and sw temprature affect performance. What has economiser to do with performance, explain in details.

2. Draw Accomodation Air conditioning diagram and explain all the regulations of AC and ventilation in details.Checks to be carried out on accomodation AC.

3.  Condition of assignments of freeboard, define all regulations,position 1&2 draw and dimensions for all engine room opening, dimensions of vent heads and ventilatiors. Explain protection of crew in details.

4. Draw ows diagram as per mepc 107(49).Explain and demonstrate how to carry out OWS operation while PSC inspection.

5. Different types of survey. Statutory and mandatory certificates with survey required. Which authority issues which certificate, explain in detail.

Result: Pass

 

 

15.04.2025

Class-2 Oral

Class 2 orals : Examiner Mr. Rui:, time: 02:00 PM

1.Drawing of Turbocharger

2.Marpol Annex 6

3.Responsibilities of a second engineer

4.Caustic embrittlement

5.Steering gear regulations.

6.Con.rod bolt failure reasons.

23.04.2024

Class 1

Time: 0900 AM

1. Isps in details certification/enhance maritime security)

2. Tie rod drawing and explanation

3. Vapor compression cycle and explain

4. Main engine bearing clearances : only how to take

 

30.06.2025

Class 1 – oral

30/06/2025

Class 2

Face to Face

Mr Rui

1. Who give COC (which pillar of IMO)

2. STCW full form and adopted  date

2. Difference between management level and operational level coc

3. Draw boiler water controller

  4.what is PID principle ,           what I controller,P controller and D Controller

5.what is STA . How will u assess juniors.

6.What is PMS

7.how will u plan and overhaul a piston.he wants more about documentation

8.what is Risk assessments and Risk assessment matrics

9.Type of ship Sailing  .

10. Dual fuel system explain in detail

11. Viscosity controller and it’s working

Result : pass

30.06.2025

Class 2 oral

30/06/2025

Class 2 . Face to face

Mr. Zahir, at SP

1. Crank shaft deflection of ME in detail starting from Safeties

     Draw and indicate the dial gauge    mounting location

– Draw n show measurement point

– Draw the C/S deflection form . With Details in the form like ship name , trim , draft etc

– What are the factors to be considered prior taking C/S deflection

– How will you match dial gauge temp to the temp of the webs ?

– How will you know that your readings are correct or How will you analyse the measurements after it has been taken.

2)Draw Boiler manhole door .

Why Elliptical? Why not circular ?

Boiler survey

3 ) Piston overhauling procedure ( only interested in how will you separate the Crown from the piston)

4 ) draw MEPC 107 (49)

How will you demonstrate it for PSC ?

Wht will you do if Automatic stopping valve start leaking?

5 ) why is it called MLC 2006 ?

How to obtain MLC Certification detailed procedure ?

Thank you .

01.07.2025

Class 2 – Oral

Class II.

Face to face 2nd attempt 

Mr Rui.

Questions.

1. What do you know about MLC.

2. What do you know about term reserve Power.

3. prefresional trip drawing and explain how you as a second engine minimise this.

4. Crankshaft deflection 2 stroke main engine.

5. Types of lubrication.

6. Psc on board emergency fire pump not making desire pressue what to do as a second engineer.

7. Draw fire line system drawing.

Result: Pass.

Thankyou everyone.

01.07.2025

Class-2 Oral

Class 2 2nd attempt face to face

M tower, Mr, Rui

1st July, 12:30 pm

1. what is STCW ( one should know the name of STCW 8 chapters )

2. ⁠Risk Assemment and explain the matrix and everything

3. ⁠Piston overhauling, according to him answer at the managment level and organise your answer ( plan , implement and execute the  job ) , He don’t want to listen the procedure of piston overhauling.

4. ⁠PSC is onboard and emergency fire pump don’t have enough pressure on deck, what will be your action as a 2nd Engr

5. ⁠draw the block diagram of steering gear

6. ⁠Stern tube sealing arrangement, how u will renew the seal in dry dock.

 Result Pass

 

01.07.2025

Class-01 Oral

Alhamdulillah today pass 2nd attempt

 Class 1

1- co2 system diagram and its maintenance  ,regulations

2- foam system maintenance certificatition.

3- fiver year satuary and class certification

4-  viscotherm diagram and  viscosity not maintaining causes.

5-condition of assignment

02.07.2025

Class-01 Oral

Class 1

Mr. Rui

1.IG Regulations and operations.

2. Emergency generator automatic starting system, black out procedures and PSC checks and power not obtained in front of the psc Surveyor, actions for CE.

3. Marpol Annex 6 chapter 4 details

4. 5 yearly Class and statutory survey.

5. IG scrubber overboard line crack during cargo operations,  what is CE actions?

03.07.2025

Class-2 Oral

03/07/2025

Class 2 . Face to face

Mr. Zahir, at SP

1. Crank shaft deflection of ME in detail starting from Safeties

     Draw and indicate the dial gauge    mounting location

– Draw n show measurement point

– Draw the C/S deflection form . With Details in the form like ship name , trim , draft etc

– What are the factors to be considered prior taking C/S deflection

– How will you know that your readings are correct or How will you analyse the measurements after it has been taken.

– ⁠explain gauge reading

– reason for horizontal deflection

2)Draw Boiler manhole door .

Why Elliptical? Why not circular ?

Boiler survey

3) draw MEPC 107 (49)

How will you demonstrate it for PSC ?

Wht will you do if Automatic stopping valve start leaking?

4) why is it called MLC 2006 ?

How to obtain MLC Certification detailed procedure ?

5) vapour compression cycle

TEV fails what happen

Safety arrangement in cylinder head

Define degree of super heat

Define saturation temp

Result ——-pass

Thank you .every for supporting for clearing exams ,

Keep on we will do

 

Desirable Properties of Marine Refrigerants

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Desirable Properties of Marine Refrigerants

When selecting refrigerants for shipboard use, the following properties are considered ideal:

  • Low Specific Volume: Reduces the size requirements for compressors and piping.
  • High Critical Temperature: Allows condensation at higher temperatures, which is beneficial in varying marine climate.
  • High Latent Heat of Vaporization: Ensures efficient heat absorption during the evaporation process.
  • Chemical Stability: Resists decomposition under operating conditions.
  • Environmental Friendliness: Low ODP and GWP values are preferred to minimize ecological impact.
  • Non-Corrosive: Prevents damage to system components.
  • Non-Flammable and Non-Explosive: Enhances safety aboard ships.
  • Compatibility with Lubricants and Materials: Ensures smooth operation and longevity of the system.
  • Easy Leak Detection: Facilitates maintenance and prevents environmental harm.

Key Refrigerant Properties Comparison

Refrigerant ODP GWP Pressure Level Flammability Typical Use
R-134a 0 1,430 Medium Non-flammable Marine AC
R-404A 0 3,922 High Non-flammable Freezers
R-407C 0 1,774 Medium-High Non-flammable AC/Refrigeration
R-410A 0 2,088 Very High Non-flammable High-efficiency AC
-744 (CO2) 0 1 Extremely High Non-flammable Eco-friendly systems

Note: The critical temperature of a substance is the highest temperature at which it can exist as a liquid, regardless of the pressure applied. Above this temperature, the substance cannot be liquefied by pressure alone and will exhibit properties of both gases and liquids.

 

MPA Singapore Approved Class

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MPA approved class

The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) has authorized the following eight classification societies to act as Recognized Organizations (ROs). These societies are empowered to perform statutory surveys, certifications, and audits on behalf of the Singapore flag administration for vessels registered under the Singapore Registry of Ships (SRS).

MPA-Approved Classification Societies:

1.      American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)

2.      Bureau Veritas (BV)

3.      China Classification Society (CCS)

4.      Det Norske Veritas (DNV)

5.      Korean Register of Shipping (KR)

6.      Lloyd’s Register (LR)

7.      Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (ClassNK)

8.    Registro Italiano Navale (RINA)

These classification societies are also designated as Recognized Security Organizations (RSOs), authorized to conduct security assessments and issue International Ship Security Certificates (ISSC) in accordance with the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code.

 

Certificates and supplements required to carry on board.

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What are the certificates and supplements required to carry on board.

MARPOL

1.      International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate MARPOL Annex I Supplement:

Record of Construction and Equipment for Ships Other Than Oil Tankers (Form A) or Record of Construction and Equipment for Oil Tankers (Form B

2.      International Pollution Prevention Certificate for the Carriage of Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk (NLS Certificate) MARPOL Annex II

3.      International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate MARPOL Annex IV, reg

Supplement:

•         Description of sewage treatment plant or holding tank system

•         document of approval for the rate of sewage discharge.

4.      Garbage Management Plan MARPOL Annex V, reg 10

5.      International Air Pollution Prevention Certificate MARPOL Annex VI

Supplement:

•         Technical details of engines and equipment for NOx, SOx, and particulate matter control

•         EIAPP Certificate (Engine-specific NOx certificate) may also accompany

6.        International Energy Efficiency Certificate MARPOL Annex VI,- validity lifetime

Suppliment: seemp

7.        International Ballast Water Management Certificate; BWM convention

•         Supplement:

•         Ballast Water Management Plan and system details

SOLAS

1.              Passenger ship safety certificate SOLAS 1974, supplement: form P

2.              Special Trade Passenger Ship Safety Certificate

3.              Special Trade Passenger Ship Space Certificate STP 71, rule 5

4.              Cargo Ship Safety Certificate SOLAS 1988, reg I/12 supplement: form C

5.              Cargo Ship Safety Construction Certificate SOLAS 1974, regulation I/12

6.              Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Certificate SOLAS 1974, reg I/12 supplement:

•      Form E

•      Inventory of life-saving appliances, Radio installations and fire-fighting appliances

7.       Cargo Ship Safety Radio Certificate SOLAS 1974, reg I/12 supplement:

                                              Form R

8.      Document of authorization for the carriage of grain and grain loading manual SOLAS 1974, reg VI/19

9.      Document of compliance for ships carrying dangerous goods SOLAS chap 2 reg 19

Supplement:

                                  •    Types of dangerous goods permitted and safety measures in place

10.    Document of compliance SOLAS, ISM Code

11.    Safety management certificate SOLAS, ISM Code

12.    International Ship Security Certificate (ISSC) or Interim International Ship Security Certificate SOLAS 1974

Suppliment: SSP

13.    Continuous Synopsis record SOLAS

14.    Minimum safe manning document SOLAS

15.    Voyage data recorder system – certificate of compliance SOLAS 1974, reg 5

Other

1.               International Tonnage Certificate (1969); Tonnage convention – lifetime validity Supplement:

Details of gross and net tonnage calculations

2.               International Load Line Certificate; LL convention Supplement:

•      Freeboard assignment details

•      Conditions of assignment (closing appliances, machinery space openings, etc.)

2.  International Load Line Exemption Certificate ;LL Convention 4.        International Anti-fouling System Certificate ,AFS Convention

Supplemented: Record of Anti-fouling Systems,

5.       Declaration on antifouling system AFS Convention, reg 5 6.          Certificates for masters, officers or ratings STCW 7. MLC (Maritime Labor Convention) Certificate: supplements:

•      DMLC Part-1 (issued by Flag state)

•      DMLC Part-2 (issued by Company)

8.      International Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk IBC code

9.      International Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases in Bulk IGC Code

10.  Certificate of insurance or other financial security in respect of civil liability for oil pollution damage CLC 1969, article VII

11.  Certificate of insurance or other financial security in respect of civil liability for bunker oil pollution damage Bunker convention 2001

12.  Certificate of Registry

13.  Certificate of class

14.  P&I Certificate of Entry

A Supplementary Certificate for a Statutory Certificate is an additional document issued alongside a main statutory certificate to provide specific details or conditions not covered directly in the primary certificate.

 

Anti fouling System Convention

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Anti-Fouling Convention


Q. Anti Fouling Convention

The International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships, commonly called the
Anti-Fouling Convention (AFS Convention), is an IMO treaty aimed at protecting the marine environment from the harmful effects of anti-fouling paints and coatings used on ships’ hulls.

●Purpose of the AFS Convention
  • Prohibit the use of harmful anti-fouling paints.
  • Ensure environmentally safe alternatives are used.
  • Prevent contamination of marine ecosystems and protect marine life.
Applies to
  • It applies to all ships of 400 gross tonnage and above engaged in international voyages, excluding fixed or floating platforms, FSUs, and FPSOs constructed before 1 January 2003 and not dry-docked since then.
  • Ships between 24 meters in length and 400 GT must carry a Declaration on Anti-fouling Systems confirming compliance.
📦What Are Anti-Fouling Systems?

Anti-fouling systems are coatings or paints applied to a ship’s hull to prevent the growth of:

  • Barnacles
  • Algae
  • Mollusks
  • Marine organisms

These organisms increase hull resistance, leading to:

  • Higher fuel consumption
  • Reduced speed
  • More emissions
⛔Harmful Substances Banned
  • Tributyltin (TBT): Banned from 1 Jan 2008. Highly toxic to marine life (e.g., causes imposex in snails).
  • Cybutryne (Irgarol 1051): Banned from 1 Jan 2023. Ships must remove or seal it by 60 months after entry into force (by 1 Jan 2028).
✎Compliant Anti-Fouling Systems

Modern anti-fouling systems include:

  • Biocide-free coatings
  • Silicone-based foul-release coatings
  • Copper oxide (Cu2O)-based (still allowed, though monitored)
  • Electrolytic and ultrasonic systems
📝Certification Requirements
  • International Anti-Fouling System Certificate (IAFSC)
  • Record of Anti-Fouling System

    • Describes type of system used
    • Must include evidence of compliance


Types of bulk carrier

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Bulk carrier ships are specialized merchant vessels designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo such as grain, coal, ore, steel coils, and cement in their cargo holds. They come in various types and sizes, categorized mainly by their deadweight tonnage (DWT), dimensions, and operational design. Here is a detailed overview of the types of bulk carrier ships:

    • Capacity: 1,000 to 10,000 tons

    • Length: 100 to 130 meters

    • Draft: Less than 10 meters

    • Usage: Often used on rivers and for short international distances7.

    • Capacity: 15,000 to 40,000 DWT

    • Features: Can berth and operate in most ports worldwide due to smaller size and shallower draft

    • Usage: Versatile for various cargoes and routes17.

    • Handymax Capacity: 40,000 to 50,000 DWT

    • Supramax Capacity: Up to 60,000 DWT

    • Length: Around 150–200 meters

    • Features: Equipped with cranes for self-loading/unloading; suitable for longer voyages and diverse cargoes

    • Usage: Popular for transporting coal, grain, cement, steel, fertilizer, and more

    • Capacity: 65,000 to 89,999 DWT

    • Dimensions: Designed to fit the old Panama Canal locks

    • Usage: Common for iron ore, grain, and coal transport; can access many global ports

    • Capacity: 80,000 to 200,000 DWT (commonly 130,000 to 170,000 DWT)

    • Length: Approximately 230 to 290 meters

    • Draft: Around 17 to 18 meters

    • Features: Too large for Panama and Suez Canals; must navigate around Cape Horn or Cape of Good Hope

    • Usage: Mainly for coal, ore, and other raw commodities; includes subtypes like Very Large Ore Carriers (VLOC) and Very Large Bulk Carriers (VLBC)

    • Capacity: 180,000 to 400,000 DWT

    • Length: Up to 360 meters

    • Draft: 20 meters or more

    • Usage: Specialized for iron ore transport, especially on routes between Brazil, Europe, and Asia; Valemax is a specific class owned by Vale mining company

    • Capacity: Up to 400,000 DWT

    • Length: About 360 meters

    • Width: 65 meters

    • Draft: 25 meters

    • Usage: Largest bulk carriers designed for Asia-Europe routes; capable of passing through the Strait of Malacca and Suez Canal with suitable infrastructure

    • : Largest vessel able to transit the Suez Canal with draft limits around 18.9 meters (planned increase to 21.95 meters)

    • : Largest vessel for St Lawrence Seaway locks (max 226 m length, 7.92 m draft)

    • : Largest vessel passing through the Strait of Malacca (~330 m length, 20 m draft)

    • : Maximum size for ports in the Setouch Sea, Japan

    • : Max beam 45 m for Dunkirk harbor lock

    • : Max size for port Kamsar, Equatorial Guinea

    • : Usually Capesize, max beam 47 m for Newcastle port2.

    • Equipped with hatch covers and their own cranes for loading/unloading

    • Number of holds varies with size (5 to 9 holds)

    • Can carry multiple cargo types and operate worldwide4.

    • Designed to carry both bulk cargo and oil

    • Feature pipelines and pontoons on deck

    • More expensive and specialized4.

    • Depend on port facilities for loading/unloading

    • Typically larger vessels designed for high-volume cargoes1.

    • Equipped with conveyor belts or other mechanisms to unload cargo without shore equipment

    • Useful in ports lacking infrastructure4.

Type DWT Range Length (m) Draft (m) Key Features/Usage
Mini Bulk 1,000 – 10,000 100 – 130 <10 River/short international trade
Handysize 15,000 – 40,000 Variable Shallower draft Versatile, most ports accessible
Handymax 40,000 – 50,000 150 – 200 Moderate Equipped with cranes, diverse cargo
Supramax Up to 60,000 ~190 Moderate Larger handy class, long-distance trade
Panamax 65,000 – 89,999 ~230 ~12 – 16 Fits Panama Canal, common bulk cargo
Capesize 80,000 – 200,000 230 – 290 ~17 – 18 Too large for canals, coal/ore transport
VLBC/Valemax 180,000 – 400,000 Up to 360 20+ Very large ore carriers, specialized routes
Chinamax Up to 400,000 ~360 25 Largest bulk carriers, Asia-Europe routes

This classification helps in understanding the operational scope, cargo capacity, and port accessibility of bulk carriers in global maritime trade

In conclusion, bulk carriers are classified by size (from mini to Chinamax), by design (conventional, combined, gearless, self-discharging), and by their ability to navigate specific waterways or ports (Panamax, Suezmax, etc.), reflecting their diverse roles in transporting dry bulk commodities worldwide.

Differences between MC/MC-C and ME/ME-C engines

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The electrohydraulic control mechanisms of the ME engine replace the following components of the conventional MC engine:

  • Chain drive for camshaft
  • Camshaft with fuel cams, exhaust cams and indicator cams
  • Fuel pump actuating gear, includiismng roller guides and reversing mechanism
  • Conventional fuel pressure booster and VIT system
  • Exhaust valve actuating gear and roller guides
  • Engine driven starting air distributor
  • Electronic governor with actuator
  • Regulating shaft
  • Engine side control console
  • Mechanical cylinder lubricators.

The Engine Control System of the ME engine comprises:

  • Control units
  • Hydraulic power supply unit
  • Hydraulic cylinder units, including:
    • Electronically controlled fuel injection, and
    • Electronically controlled exhaust valve activation
    • Electronically controlled starting air valves
    • Electronically controlled auxiliary blowers
    • Integrated electronic governor functions
    • Electronically controlled Alpha lubricators

     

    types of Marine Oxygen Analysers:

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    .oa .o2 analyser .oxygen analyzer .oxygen analyser

    Regardless of the type of inert gas system – flue gas system, inert gas generator, nitrogen generator, etc – the data from oxygen analyzers ensures that the oxygen level of the product gas fulfils the required setting (typically 5% or less), which is the safety requirement to prevent cargo explosions. It also monitors the fuel to air ratio during combustion, which can be used to attain combustion and boiler efficiency.

    There are three main types of marine oxygen analyzers available:

    Zirconia Oxygen Analyzers

    The main components of zirconia oxygen analyzers are a zirconia tube, porous platinum electrodes, and a DC voltmeter.

    The platinum electrodes are both on the inner and outer side of the zirconia tube. One – either the inner or outer – side of the tube is in contact with the process/sample gas while the other is exposed to the surrounding air for reference. Because of the difference in concentrations of both gases, oxygen makes its way through the electrodes and tube from the more concentrated side to the less concentrated. During this process, the platinum acts as a catalyst by helping oxygen molecules to split into ions, allowing them to pass through the zirconia.

    The DC voltmeter is then attached to the inner and outer electrodes for a potential difference reading. This measurement lets the analyzer accurately display the oxygen concentration in the gas being tested.

    One of the main benefits of the zirconia oxygen analyzer is that it doesn’t require a sealed reference gas, which means that it can be utilized in any environment, even those with high temperatures and pressures. This is because instead of directly measuring the concentration of gas, it measures the partial pressure of the oxygen in a sample.

    However, one major disadvantage of the system is that the temperature within the analyzer needs to be high for the oxidation process to occur. This causes changes in the sample gas temperature and high power consumption.

    Galvanic Oxygen Analyzers

    Galvanic oxygen analyzers are fuel cell based and thus involve an anode, often lead (Pb), and a cathode, often silver (Ag), reaction, similar to a battery. Both the anode and cathode are in an electrolyte solution of potassium chloreate. The cell contains a  Teflon membrane that allows the oxygen to penetrate and gain the electrons emitted by the anode at the cathode, proportional to the rate of oxygen pressure. 

    The flow of electrons from this process creates a current that is proportional to the oxygen concentration, resulting in an oxygen measurement.

    This type of oxygen analyzer is low cost and accurate within 0.1% of its oxygen percentage display, detecting any oxygen level from 0% to 100%. It is also very compact and doesn’t require any external power as the reaction it uses naturally occurs.

    Paramagnetic Oxygen Analyzers

    These types of oxygen analyzers make use of magnetic fields to measure oxygen levels. Because oxygen molecules are attracted by magnetic fields, as the gas being tested passes through this field, its rate of flow is impacted in proportion to the level of oxygen in the gas. This rate is then used to calculate the amount of oxygen present.

    The device can detect oxygen levels from 0.5% to 100%. Though these analyzers are relatively uncommon, they are very stable and aren’t impacted by mechanical shock. Still, an issue with paramagnetic analyzers is that their readings can be affected by other gases that may mix with the test sample.

    Aft End Structure:

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    .aft structure .aft end structure .aftend structure .aft end construction .aft construction   .aec

    Considerable attention is paid to the overall design of the stern in order to improve flow into and away from the propeller. There are two types of stern. Cruiser stern, Transom stern. Cruiser stern used previously, but today most of these vessels have a transom stern. A cruiser stern presents a more pleasant profile and is hydrodynamically efficient, but the transom stern offers a greater deck area aft, is a simpler construction, and can also provide improved flow around the stern. Many forms of rudder are available, depending on the manoeuvering needs. Both the shape of the stern and the rudder type will determine the form of the stern frame, and this will be further influenced by the required propeller size. The propeller shaft and the rudder stock  pierce the intact watertight hull, so particular attention should be given. The safety of the ship may depend on these arrangements.

    Stern Construction:

    .Stern Construction

    Flat stern plating stiffened with vertical stiffeners. Deep floors and a centre line girder are provided at the lower region of the transom stern construction. Panting arrangements at the aft end are provided.

    Stern Frame

    .stern frame construction   .sfc

    The form of the stern frame is influenced by the stern profile and rudder type. To prevent serious vibration at the after end there must be adequate clearances between the propeller and stern frame, and this determines its overall size.

    The stern frame of a ship may be cast, forged, or fabricated from steel plate and sections. On larger ships it is generally either cast or fabricated,
    the casting done by a specialist works outside the shipyard. Larger stern frames cant be casted easily due to its bigger size. Also the transportation is a problem .So it may be cast in more than one piece and then welded together after bringing the pieces to the shipyard. Fabricated stern frames are produced by the shipyard itself, plates and bars being welded together to produce the stern frame.

     Forged stern frames are also produced by a specialist manufacturer. And may also be made in more than one piece where the size is excessively large or shape is complicated. Sternpost sections are made streamlined form, in order to prevent eddies being formed behind the posts. Eddies can lead to an increase in the hull resistance.

    Welded joints in cast steel sections will need careful preparation and preheating. Both the cast and fabricated sections are supported by horizontal webs. The connection of the stern frame to the hull structure is very important, the rotating propeller supported by the stern frame may set up serious vibrations. The rudder post is carried up into the main hull and connected to the transom floor which has an increased plate thickness. Also the propeller post may be extended into the hull and connected to a deep floor, the lower sole piece is carried forward and connected to the keel plate. Side shell plates are directly welded to the stern frame.

    Fore end structure: FWD Construction, Forward Construction

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    .FWD Construction .forward construction .fwdc .fore end construction

    • FWD construction is forward of the collision bulkhead.
    • The chain locker is included as it is usually fitted forward of the collision bulkhead below the second deck or upper deck, or in the forecastle itself
    • On the forecastle deck the heavy windlass seating is securely fastened and given considerable support. The deck plating thickness is increased locally, and smaller pillars with heavier beams and a centre line pillar bulkhead, may be fitted below the windlass.

    Stem

    • On many conventional ships a stem bar, which is a solid round bar, is fitted from the keel to the waterline region, and a radiused plate is fitted above the waterline to form the upper part of the stem.
    • This forms a ‘soft nose’ stem, which in the event of a collision will buckle under load, keeping the impact damage to a minimum.
    • The solid round bar is welded inside the keel plate at its lower end, and inside the radiused stem plate at its upper end,
    • the shell is welded each side to the radiused plate.
    • breast hooks’ is used to support that part of the stem which is formed by radiused plates between the decks and below the lowest deck, to reduce the unsupported span of the stem.
    • Panting stringer provided to counteract the panting stress. Panting stringer are triangular shape. Panting stringer are situated 2 meter above the keel and every 2 meter apart one panting stringer is fitted.
    • Where the plate radius is large, further stiffening is provided by a vertical stiffener on the centre line.
    • The thickness of these plates is greater than the forward side shell, but the thickness may taper near the side shell at the stem head.

    Floors and Different Types of Floors

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       Unlike structures on land where a floor refers to something horizontal that you can stand on, floors on ships are the transverse stiffeners mounted vertically on the ship’s bottom. Floor structure is continuous from the centre to the side plating and supports the inner shell (tank top). They may either be solid plates (no cut holes except small half round drain holes at the bottom part) or plates with cut lightening holes.

    Solid Floors

     It is the easiest to comprehend, and consists of a solid plate, with no lightening holes cut into it (they lessen the weight of the plate and allow for the free flow of any liquids stored in the space). Normally it form a tank, below watertight bulkheads these floors are using

    Plate Floor

    Plate Floor is the one if the stiffener / floor plate is made of a solid plate with openings. This is done to optimize weight and also to allow free flow of fluids based on the purpose of the floor plate / part of the ship (Like a tank)

    Bracket Floor

    Bracket floor is the one if the stiffener / floor plate is made of a built-up section with a large opening. This is also done to optimize the weight, provided where much strength / structural integrity is not required and also on the purpose of the area of the ship

    Ship floor:

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    .ship floor .ship floor .floor construction .plate floor

    Ship floor construction:

    Double bottom, transversely framed floor construction:

    →this type of floor construction used in ships of length less than 120 meters.

    →Vertical transverse plate floors are provided both where the bottom is transversely and longitudinally framed.

    →Watertight and oiltight plate floors are provided → At the ends of bottom tank spaces and under the main bulkheads

    → These are made watertight or oiltight by closing any holes in the plate floor and welding collars around any members which pass through the floors.

    →The bracket floors form the transverse stiffeners at every frame, and

    →solid plate floors are used at every 3 to 4 frame space, or 1.8 meters intervals, to strengthen the bottom transversely and support the inner bottom

    → intercostal side girders

    → run longitudinally fastening the transverse members of the floor,

    → it reduces the span of the plates.

    →Side girders are continuous members,

    →where there is an intersection between a plate floor and a side girder,

    →the plate floor is cut and welded on both the sides of the girder

    → it is done to reduce the span of the plate floors,

    → the girders will act as supporting members to the plate floors.

    → Keels are flat plated.

    →Intercostal girders or side girders, and plate floors

    → will have lightning holes at regular intervals to reduce the structural weight and

    →will have flanged manholes to provide access.

    → Plate floors have drain holes to help drainage of liquids.

    →Plate floors are

    →further stiffened by flat bar stiffeners, and bracket floors, by angle struts to prevent warping.

    In Water Survey:

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    .in water survey .inwater survey .iws


    It is an examination of ship’s underwater portion & fittings of the hull instead of intermediate dry docking.

    It is carried out by a team of qualified divers employed by a firm, which is approved by the classification society.
    IWS survey is to provide the information normally obtained from a docking survey, so far as practicable.

    The class will accept an IWS in lieu of the intermediate docking between special surveys required in a five-year period.

    IWS notation: in water survey.

    IWS notation is a must before conducting. If the vessel has an IWS already, the condition of the high resistant paint is to be confirmed to maintain the notation.
    If the vessel needs IWS notation to be assigned by the class, plans & means are to be provided for ascertaining:
    → the rudder pintle & bush clearances to verify the security of the pintles in their sockets with the vessel afloat.
    → The clearance in the stern bush with the vessel afloat.

    Eligibility of ship for IWS:
    (1) Age of the ship not greater than 15 years.
    (2) Ships are not subjected to ESP.
    (3) Ships must have class IWS notation.
    (4) High quality paint coating for (7.5 years) extended dry docking.
    (5) Ships must be fitted with effective ICCP & ECCP.
    (6) Access arrangements for sea v/v, rudder bearing & pintle clearance
    (7) Stern tube wear down measurement, bow & stern thruster sealing checking arrangements.

    Preparation:
    (1) Application to classification society’s ship-safety division for an IWS program.
    (2) Approval from the class for IWS.
    (3) Appoint a diving company approved by the class.
    (4) Meeting & agreement between owner, surveyor & diving firm about the equipment & procedures for both observing & reporting the survey.
    (5) A copy of plans showing the hull & attachments below the water line should be provided to both surveyor & diving firm. One copy retained onboard.
    (6) Class (Ship safety office) should be informed about the date, time & location of the survey.

    Documents to be prepared by C/E before survey:


    (1) IWS notation
    (2) Permission for IWS
    (3) Risk assessment
    (4) Diving checklist fill up
    (5) Last DD reports (maintenance & hull painting)
    (6) Propeller report
    (7) Stern tube report
    (8) Rudder clearance report
    (9) Last stern tube L.O. analysis Lab report
    (10) Reports on anti-fouling system
    (11) Anode plan
    (12) Statement related damaged condition.

    Safeties:
    (1) Ship is safely anchored (Preferred weather with min current).
    (2) Weather forecast good & suitable for next 3 days.
    (3) Toolbox meeting carried out; ship’s crew must be well informed about survey. Risk assessment done.
    (4) Lock out, tag out of the main propulsion system. T/G engaged.
    (5) Steering Gear motor power should be switch off and lock out, tag out for no rudder movement
    (6) Bow & stern thruster same power off & LOTO.
    (7) ICCP & MGPS power off.
    (8) No discharge during survey
    (9) Good underwater visibility
    (10) Diving company pre-dive to confirm cleanliness of hull, rudder, propeller & chest gratings.
    (11) Sea chest suction notified in E/R & ready to change over as per diver’s request.

    During Survey:


    (1) Diving supervisor, ship’s representative (C/E or master), and surveyor should gather @ CCTV station.
    (2) A good two-way communication between divers & surveyor should be provided.
    (3) Surveyor should be satisfied by the pictorial presentation of the divers
    (4) Inspection area →


    (i) Hull condition from fwd to aft
    (ii) Hull painting condition
    (iii) Any damage, corrosion, deformation of hull
    (iv) All underwater hull marking
    (v) Bilge Keel condition
    (vi) Sea chest condition
    (vii) S/T seal condition, clearance & wear down of S/T bearing measurement.
    (viii) Propeller condition & propeller nut
    (ix) Rudder bearing clearance, intact pintle bearing.


    (5) Audio video recording of whole survey.

    Reports:


    Diver’s reports with colored photographs & video recordings should be provided to surveyor, ship safety headquarters (classification society), Owner, and one copy should be readily kept onboard.
    S/T bearing clearance & rudder carrier bearing clearance report should be verified by the maker’s reading.

    If the IWS reveals damage or deterioration that requires early attention, the surveyor may require that ship to be dry docked. So that a detailed survey can be undertaken & necessary repairs carried out.

    After IWS:
    (1) Confirm all divers are out of water
    (2) Diver supervisor to confirm approval to remove LOTO.
    (3) Diver boat cast off.
    (4) C/E prepare M/E ready.

    Drydocking Preparation and Procedure for Chief Engineers

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    .drydock for chief engineer

    Pre-Drydock Planning (3-6 months before)

    1. Review classification society requirements and survey status
      • Identify due surveys and inspections
      • Note any outstanding conditions of class
    2. Prepare comprehensive repair specification
      • Review previous drydock reports
      • Compile defect list from ship staff reports
      • Include planned maintenance items
      • Add statutory/class requirements
    3. Coordinate with superintendent
      • Finalize repair specification
      • Discuss budget and timeline
      • Arrange for spare parts and specialist services
    4. Prepare vessel
      • Plan tank cleaning and gas freeing (for tankers)
      • Arrange for riding crew if needed
      • Review stability and trim requirements

    Mechanical and Structural Preparation

    1. Hull and structure
      • Inspect hull, identify areas needing repair
      • Check for corrosion, cracks, deformation
      • Measure hull thickness if required
    2. Propulsion system
      • Inspect propeller, shaft, stern tube
      • Check rudder clearances
      • Plan any overhauls of main engine, gearbox
    3. Auxiliary machinery
      • Inspect sea overboard valves, sea chests, anodes.
      • Check the condition of heat exchangers.
      • Plan overhauls of pumps, compressors etc.

    Documentation and Safety

    1. Compile necessary documents
      • Classification certificates
      • Previous survey reports
      • Machinery history and manuals
    2. Safety preparations
      • Review yard safety procedures
      • Brief crew on safety precautions
      • Check firefighting and lifesaving equipment
    3. Environmental considerations
      • Plan for proper disposal of sludge, bilge water
      • Arrange for shore reception facilities if needed (for scrap metals

    Drydock Entry Procedure

    1. Pre-arrival checks
      • Change over to MDO/MGO fuel
      • Secure all overboard discharges (4E)
      • Prepare for shore power connection (ETO)
    2. Docking process
      • Coordinate with pilot and dockmaster
      • Monitor vessel’s position on blocks
      • Connect shore services (power, water, etc.)
    3. Initial inspections
      • Conduct underwater hull inspection
      • Check propeller, rudder, sea chests
      • Mark areas for repair/maintenance

    During Drydock Period

    1. Daily routines
      • Attend yard meetings
      • Supervise ongoing work
      • Liaise with class surveyors
    2. Key responsibilities
      • Monitor work progress against schedule
      • Approve any additional work
      • Ensure quality control of repairs
    3. Testing and trials
      • Oversee pressure tests of valves/pipes
      • Conduct sea trials if major work done
      • Verify all systems operational before undocking

    Undocking and Post-Drydock

    1. Final checks
      • Ensure all work completed satisfactorily
      • Obtain class and statutory certificates
      • Close out all repair items
    2. Undocking procedure
      • Prepare vessel for refloating
      • Monitor vessel condition during undocking
      • Conduct alongside trials
    3. Documentation
      • Complete drydock report
      • Update vessel’s maintenance records
      • Plan follow-up actions if needed

    By covering these key areas, a Chief Engineer demonstrates comprehensive understanding of the drydocking process, from preparation through completion, showcasing the technical and managerial skills required for this critical aspect of vessel maintenance.

    Dry Dock

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    .dry dock preparation .drydock  .ddp .drydock preparation

    Dry Dock Preparation: Drydock prep

    The main objective in carrying out dry docking is to ensure ships are operational and to maintain their class license. Structural machinery and various components are subjected to inspection and maintenance to ensure sea worthiness. Dry docking is also required if a ship has sustained damage to the underwater structure due to grounding, collision or any other damage which will affect the water integrity of the ship’s hull.

    Preparation for Dry Docking

    Planning:

    1. To brief engine room staffs before docking and ensure they understand their respective duties.
    2. Preparation of machinery survey in dry dock
    3. Preparation of dry dock list.
    4. Study previous dry dock reports and note clearance to be measured.
    5. Ensure all tools and spares are ready for use.
    6.  Prepare necessary spares and store, drawings, Manuals, Certificates, special tools and measuring equipment.
    7. Safety meeting to be carried out.

    As a second engineer

    1. Make a repair and maintenance list, create or obtain a dry-dock handbook if required, and assign responsible ship staff to their duties on the list. Divide staff into groups to observe the work carried out by yard gangs.
    2. All spare parts must be checked, and repair items kept ready for use.
    3. Previous dry dock reports should be studied, and previous clearance measures noted.
    4. Clean engine room tank top and bilges.
    5. Prepare sewage treatment tanks, dirty oil tanks and bilge tanks.
    6. Flushing of bilge lines is to be carried out prior to dry dock.
    7. For tankers, all cargo tanks are cleaned and gas freed.
    8. Minimum bunkers (Fuel Oil and Fresh water) and ballast carried
    9. All tanks and cofferdams must be sounded and recorded.
    10. The oil-water separator filter element should be renewed, and the system checked for satisfactory operation.
    11. Fill up Settling and Service Tanks.
    12.  Press up Air Bottles and Emergency Air Bottle and shut the valves tightly.
    13.  ME crankshaft deflections to be taken and recorded.
    14. All heavy weights secured prior to dry dock.
    15. Firefighting plans and safety measures discussed before dry dock
    16. Firefighting equipment on board should be checked and kept ready for use.
    17. Emergency lighting and generator should be tested before entry.
    18. Escape routes must be clearly marked.
    19. All valves and sea chests to be overhauled must be clearly marked.
    20. Shore connections for cooling water and fire line are to be readied.
    21. Main engine, generators, and boiler are changed over to diesel oil.
    22. CO2 total flooding systems are secured and locked before entry.
    23. Vessel must approach dock with even keel.

    Trouble/Damage if Dry Docking is Unprepared:

    1. Dangerous confusion if no proper defects list is made and staff not briefed.
    2. Explosion hazards when hot work is done on a tank not emptied of volatile substances.
    3. Engine room bilges may become fire hazards if not cleaned.
    4. If spares are not checked, arranged properly, work will be delayed due to time wasted finding or waiting orders.
    5. Leakage due to draining must be pumped to the empty drain/bilge tanks if not empty prior to dry dock.
    6. Extra unplanned work needed in shore reception required in dry dock costs time and money.
    7. Wrong frequency and power supply information given to dry dock will cause machinery to overheat and eventually fail.

    Procedures Adopted to Ensure Safety During Dry Dock:

    1. Firefighting equipment ready at all times.
    2. Fire detectors and fire alarm in good working condition.
    3. Fire officer at site of work and extinguishers available.
    4. Fire line is always ready with 2 hydrants open if no hull work is carried out.
    5. CO2 total flooding system door is locked to prevent accidental actuation.
    6. Acetylene and oxygen bottles are properly stored and secured.
    7. Proper working permits obtained before carrying any work on board; e.g. hot work permit, enclosed space entry permit.
    8. Safety gear worn while working- safety shoes, helmet, overalls, safety goggles, ear mufflers, and gloves.
    9. All lifting gears checked to be in good working condition.
    10. Safety lamps are used – never use a naked lamp.
    11. Escape routes should be clearly marked.
    12. Co-ordination of work, so no chemical cleaning and hot work around boiler area is done at the same time.
    13. No transfer of oil carried out in dry dock.
    14. No boiler blow downs; in emergency, necessary notice given.
    15. No unauthorized personnel or chemicals allowed on board.
    16. Ship properly grounded to shore earth.
    17. Safety meetings should be carried out every morning before stating the work in dry dock.

    During Docking:

    1. Discuss with the superintendent and dockyard repair manager about repair jobs.
    2. Assist Surveyor and record the survey items.
    3. Witness all alignment works and clearance measurements.
    4. Take and record propeller shaft wear down, rudder wear down and jumping clearance.
    5. Check oil tightness of stern tube.
    6. Check all completed underwater jobs, done by dockyard.
    7.  Check all sea valves, shipside valves and cocks, after overhauling.
    8. Check all repaired jobs done by ship staff, and used spares and store.
    9. Make daily records.

    Undocking:

    1. Check all repair and underwater jobs in accordance with repair list.
    2.  Check all measurement data are correct and completed. Make price negotiation.
    3. When sea water level covers the sea chest, each sea valve should be opened and checked for any leakage.
    4. Test run the ship generators, until satisfactory, and cut out shore supply, cut in ship generator, disconnect the shore connection, restart seawater pump, record the time and read watt meter.
    5. Purge air from cooling seawater pumps, run the pumps and check pressure.
    6. Prepare for ME.
    7. All sea valves, shipside valves, repaired pipes, repaired jobs must be finally checked, before leaving the dock.  
    8.  All DB tank soundings checked.  

    After Leaving the Dock.

    1. checked ME crankshaft deflection and compare with former record.
    2. Prepare for Docking Report.

    2/E should be instructed to perform the followings:  

    a) Label all sea valves, all shipside valves and cocks. Mark the positions of items to be repaired, with tags or color code.

    b) Keep Emergency Fire Pump, Emergency Generator, Air Compressors, Emergency Air Bottle, and portable Fire Extinguishers in good order.

    C) Lock Fixed Fire Fighting Installation, as per shipyard rules.

    d) Shut down Boiler, OWS, and Sewage Plant if dockyard does not allow.

    e) Lock overboard discharge valve in closed position.

    f) Fill up Settling and Service Tanks.

    g) Press up Air Bottles and Emergency Air Bottle, and shut the valves tightly.

    h) ME crankshaft deflections to be taken and recorded.

    I) Hose down tank tops, and empty Bilge Holding Tank, Sludge Tank, Waste Oil Tank.

    j) Prepare for receiving of Shore Power Supply, International Shore Connection, cooling arrangement for Air Conditioning and Provision Plants.

    k) Provide fire watch in ER at all times, and follow Dockyard Fire and Safety Regulations.

    l) Adjust required trim and draught, with deck officer.

    m) Take soundings of DB tanks and cofferdam. 

    Stresses in Ships

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    Stresses in Ships

    .stresses in ship    .stress on ship    .stress in ship    .stresses on ship

    A ship at sea is subjected to a number of forces causing the structure to distort. Initially, these may be divided into two categories, as follows:

    Static forces –

     Ship floating at rest in still water.

    Two major forces acting:

    • the weight of the ship acting vertically down
    • buoyancy acting up

    Dynamic forces – 

    due to the motion of the ship and the sea the structural stresses, caused by the above forces, to which the ship structure is subjected may be categorized as:

    1. Longitudinal stresses (hogging and sagging)
    2. Transverse stresses (racking and the effects of water pressure)
    3.  Local dynamic stresses (panting and pounding)

    Longitudinal Stress

    • The forces are two in number, the weight of the ship and all that it carries acting downwards and the vertical component of the hydrostatic pressure.
    • Depending upon the direction in which the bending moment acts the ship will Hog or Sag.
    Hogging
    • If the buoyancy amidships exceed the weight due to loading or when the wave crest is amidships, the ship will Hog, as a beam supported at mid length and loaded at the end.

    Sagging

    • If the weight amidships exceed the buoyancy or when the wave trough amidships the ship will sag, as a beam supported at a ends and loaded at mid length.

    TRANSVERSE STRESSES

    Racking

    When a ship is rolling in a seaway or is struck by beam waves, the ship’s structure is liable to distort in a transverse direction as shown.

    Water Pressure

    Water pressure acts perpendicular to the shell of the ship, increasing with depth. The effect is to push the ship’s sides in and the bottom up. It is resisted by frames, bulkheads, floor and girders.

    LOCAL DYNAMIC STRESSES

     

    The dynamic effects arise from the motion of the ship itself. A ship among waves as three linear motions.

    1. Surging: The forward and aft linear motion (along x) of a ship is called surging.
    2. Heaving: The vertical up and down linear motion (along y) of a ship is called heaving.
    3. Swaying: The side to side linear motion (along z) of a ship is called swaying.
    4. Rolling: The rotational motion of a ship about longitudinal axis is called rolling.
    5. Yawing: The rotational motion of a ship about vertical axis is called yawing.
    6. Pitching: The rotational motion of a ship about transverse axis is called pitching.

    When the ship motions are large particularly in pitching and heaving, considerable dynamic forces can be created in the structure.

    Panting

    .panting

    As wave passes along the ship, they cause fluctuation in water pressure which tends to create in and out movement of the shell plating This in and out movement is called panting.

    This is particularly the case at the fore end. The rules of the classification societies required extra stiffening, at the end of the ship, in the form of beams, brackets, stringer plate, etc. in order to reduce the possibility of damage.

    Slamming or Pounding

    .pounding

    In heavy weather when the ship is heaving and pitching the bows often lift clear of the water and then slam down heavily onto the sea, which is called pounding.

    Extra stiffening require at the fore end to reduce the possibility of damage.

     

    Single Phasing

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    .Single Phasing

    Causes:
    (1) Due to loose connection in any one phase of the supply system.
    (2) Due to loose connection in any one phase of the motor terminal.
    (3) Due to open circuit in any one phase of the supply system.
    (4) Due to open circuit in any one phase of the motor winding.
    (5) Due to short circuit in one phase of the star connected or delta connected motor.
    (6) Due to equipment failure of supply system.
    (7) One or more, out of the 3 back up fuse blows or fuse wire melts (if the fuse is of wire type)
    (8) A wrong or improper setting of any other protection devices provided on the motor can also lead to single phasing.

    How to detect:
    (1) Unusual humming noise coming from the motor.
    (2) The motor is vibrating at a higher frequency than usual.
    (3) The smell of hot or burnt copper
    (4) Visible light smoke & fumes from motor casing.
    (5) Higher amperage of the motor

    Effects:
    (1) If the motor is in stopped condition, it can’t be started due to single phasing. Also due to the safety system provided in 3-phase motor to protect it from overheating.
    (2) If single phasing occurred while the motor is operating, it will continue to run because of the torque produced by the remaining two phases, which is produced as per the demand by the load. As the remaining two phases are doing additional work, they will be overheated which might result in critical damage to the windings.
    (3) It will lead to increase in the current flow 2.4 times the average current value in the remaining two phases.
    (4) Single phasing reduces the speed of the motor and its rpm will fluctuate.
    (5) Almost all the motor system in the ship has st-by arrangement. If the motor is selected for st-by, with single phasing problem – it will not start in emergency which will lead to failure of the related system.
    (6) If the problem is not identified and motor running continues; windings will melt due to overheating or can lead to short circuit or earthing.
    (7) In such condition, if the crew of the ship comes in contact with the motor, he will get an electrical shock. Which can even be fatal.
    (8) It may cause overloading of generator
    (9) Abnormal noise and Vibration.

    Protection devices:
    (1) Electromagnetic overload device.
    (2) Thermistor; sends signals to the amplifiers – detects overheat due to over current flow.
    (3) Bi metal strips.
    (4) Standard motor starter overload protection.

    All motors above 500 kW are to be provided with protection devices or equipment to prevent any damage due to single phasing. But this rule doesn’t apply to the motor of steering gear system of the ship.
    Only an alarm will be sounded for detection of the single phasing.

    But the motor will not stop as the continuous operation of S/G system is essential for safety & propulsion of the ship.
    Especially when the vessel is in congested waters or under maneuvering.

    Ex-d: exd

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    .exd

    Intrinsically Safe Equipment:

    intrinsically safe equipment is defined as “equipment and wiring which is incapable of releasing sufficient electrical or thermal energy under normal or abnormal conditions to cause ignition of a specific hazardous atmospheric mixture in its most easily ignited concentration.”

    Ex-I: Intrinsic Safety():

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    .ise  .intrinsically safe  .exi

    Intrinsically safe equipment:

    Electric arc or spark on flammable vapor increases the energy of the vapor and air locally so that particles are activated and creates a violent chemical reaction which is known an explosion. A weak spark does not have sufficient thermal energy to heat the local flammable mixture. Because energy generation rate is slower than energy dissipation rate. so no explosion occurs.

    An intrinsically safe circuit is one that is designed for a power so low that any spark produced by it is incapable of igniting the flammable gas.

    Intrinsically safe equipment uses such circuit. It is unable to produce strong enough spark to create explosion.

    Intrinsically safe equipment is made into two standards. Ex-I(a) and Ex-i(b). Ex-i(a) is used in more hazardous area while Ex-i(b) used in less hazardous area. This method of protection is suitable for electrical supplies at less than 30 volts and 50 miliamps. It is used for instrumentation and control functions.

    Design:

    The equipment and system design in such a way that capacitance and inductance is kept minimum, to prevent storage of electrical energy which could generate spark. Ex-I devices cables are not permitted to keep in the same tray as other cables.

    The whole system is earthed and protection is provided by shunt diode safety barriers between hazardous and non-hazardous area. The safety barriers have current limiting resistors and voltage by-passing Zener diodes to prevent excessive electrical energies from reaching the hazardous area. Intrinsically safe equipment is needed to be certified by administration.